How to Find the Subject of a Sentence

The most effective method to Find the Subject of a Sentence In English language, a subject is one of the two fundamental pieces of a sentence. (The other primary part is the predicate.) The subject is now and then called the naming piece of a sentence or proviso. The subject normally shows up before the predicate to appear (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what plays out the activity. As demonstrated as follows, the subject is normally a thing, pronoun, or thing phrase. Sorts of Subjects A subject might be single word or a few words. The subject might be only a solitary word: a thing or a pronoun. In this first model, the formal person, place or thing Felix is the subject of the sentence: Felix chuckled. In the following model, the individual pronoun he is the subject: He giggled. The subject might be a thing expression - that is, a word bunch comprised of a head thing and any modifiers, determiners, (for example, the, a, her), as well as supplements. In this model, the subject is The principal individual in line: The main individual in line addressed the TV columnist. (At least two) things, pronouns, or thing expressions might be connected by and to make a compound subject. In this model, the compound subject is Winnie and her sister: Winnie and her sister will sing at the presentation tonight. A Note About Subjects in Questions and Commands In a decisive sentence, as weve seen, the subject normally shows up before the predicate: Bobo will return soon. In an inquisitive sentence, be that as it may, the subject typically shows up after a helping action word, (for example, will) and before the principle action word, (for example, return): Will Bobo return soon? At long last, in a basic sentence, the suggested subject you is supposed to be comprehended: [ You] Come back here. Instances of Subjects In every one of the accompanying sentences, the subject is in italics. Time flies.We will try.The Johnsons have returned.Dead men tell no tales.Our school cafeteria consistently possessed an aroma like stale cheddar and grimy socks.The youngsters in the principal line got badges.The sexual intercourse are flying in the trees.My little pooch and my old feline play find the stowaway in the garage.Could you convey a portion of these books?[You] Go home at this point. Practice in Identifying Subjects Utilizing the models in this article as a guide, distinguish the subjects in the accompanying sentences. When youre done, contrast your answers and those beneath. Beauty cried.They will come.The instructors are tired.The educators and the understudies are tired.His new toy is as of now broken.The lady in the rear of the room asked a question.Will you play with me?My sibling and his closest companion are shaping a band.Please be quiet.The elderly person at the leader of the line wasâ holding a Darth Vaderâ lightsaber. Underneath (in striking) are the responses to the activity. Grace cried.They will come.The teachersâ are tired.The instructors and the studentsâ are tired.His new toyâ is as of now broken.The lady in the rear of the roomâ asked a question.Will you play with me?My sibling and his best friendâ are framing a band.[You] Please be quiet.The elderly person at the leader of the lineâ wasâ holding a childâ byâ each hand.

Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis

Cape Verde| â€Å"Most Improved Country†| Introduction Cape Verde is a little nation that traverses ten islands and is 570 kilometers off the shore of Western Africa. There is almost no precipitation every year and the land on the majority of the islands are of volcanic starting point. On a few of the islands the land is genuinely level, sandy and dry, while the remainder of the islands are shrouded in rough land. It, hence, needs common assets and has encountered extreme dry spells. Horticulture is made troublesome by absence of downpour and is limited to just four islands for the greater part of the year.It is unexpected that the nation is called â€Å"Verde† meaning â€Å"Green,† despite the fact that a large portion of the land isn't green. Because of the shortage of agribusiness, the vast majority of the country's GDP originates from the administration business; all the more explicitly the travel industry, light assembling ventures, and fisheries. Cape Verde 's economy has been consistently developing since the late 1990s, and it is currently authoritatively thought to be a nation of normal turn of events. Through a financial examination of Cape Verde, we will see the associations between its economy, society, and government.The investigation will perceive not just the imperfections and battles of the nation, yet will present potential answers for its issues. Government: Past and Present Learning about a country’s government is fundamental to making sense of their monetary subtleties. Uninhabited on their revelation in 1456, the Cape Verde islands turned out to be a piece of the Portuguese realm in 1495. Portuguese individuals started building up settlements all through the islands, particularly along the ports. They were still administered by the Portuguese government and maintained no different laws; be that as it may, the Portuguese government didn't have a lot of inclusion with the settlements.Therefore, without solid reasona ble speculation from the homeland’s government the individuals became progressively discontent with them. Be that as it may, the Portuguese kept on declining to give the neighborhood specialists more self-governance, or self-overseeing. This discontent irritated and finished in 1956, when a development drove by Amilcar Cabral laid the venturing stones for freedom for Cape Verde. Cabral and a gathering of individual Cape Verdeans and Guineans sorted out the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which requested improvement in financial, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea.The PAIGC started framing equipped uprisings against the Portuguese government in Guinea, yet were progressively detached in Cape Verde. In 1974, after the overthrow in Portugal, after which Portugal started deserting its pioneer realm, the islands were allowed a transitional government involving Cape Verdeans and Portuguese authorities. In the lon g run, the Cape Verdeans chose a national get together which drafted an assertion of freedom on July 5, 1975. Their legislature got known as the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, or the PAICV.Until 1990, the PAICV administered Cape Verde as a one gathering law based framework; in any case, resistance started developing towards a multiparty government. On Jan. 13, 1991, the first multiparty decisions since autonomy brought about the decision PAICV losing its larger part to the new Movement for Democracy Party (MPD). This was a significant occasion in Cape Verde’s history since it fixed their goals to turn into an independent nation. The main issue presently was how might they balance out their economy? Gross domestic product: A Breakdown What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?GDP is characterized as the general merchandise and ventures created inside a country’s visitors during a given year. The GDP of a nation is a significant bit of information which qua ntifies the size of the economy of a nation. To figure GDP, you include the measure of cash spent on utilization, ventures, government consumptions, fares, and imports. When you discover what the GDP is, you can transform it into dollars by utilizing buying power equality (PPP) or trade rates and afterward you can discover the development rate and GDP per capita.Cape Verde’s economy is generally little contrasted with the remainder of the world. Their economy has in every case essentially been a help economy, implying that the vast majority of their salary and GDP is from administrations instead of farming or industrials. Cape Verde is reliably in the base portion of the GDP range. It is entirely evident how immature their economy really is when contrasting it with that of nations with comparative size and topography. For instance, Senegal, Cape Verde’s eastern neighbor, likewise is basically an assistance economy.Their economy, notwithstanding, is a lot more grounded than Cape Verde’s. Senegal has a Purchasing Power Parity of $23. 86 billion, which is right around multiple times the size of Cape Verde’s! The size of this distinction is most likely because of the way that Senegal has a greater populace and geographic size. A positive sign for Cape Verde over Senegal is that its GDP genuine development rate is 4. 5% instead of Senegal’s 3. 9%. This shows Cape Verde’s economy is gradually improving as swelling rises. Gross domestic product (2010)| Amount (in US $)| World Rank| GDP (PPP)| $1. 861 billion| 186th |GDP official trade rate| $1. 573 billion| 162nd | GDP per capita| $3,700| 160th | GDP genuine development rate| 4. 5%| 71st | Is Cape Verde Growing? When making sense of the development of Cape Verde, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) decides the pace of expansion. The CPI is a proportion of the general merchandise and ventures purchased by a run of the mill buyer. It is the essential strategy to screen the adjustmen ts in the typical cost for basic items after some time. To ascertain the CPI you contrast a crate of goods’ costs with a specific base year, where the costs are set as $100.The expansion rate depends on the increments or diminishes in cost of the container of products. As it were, you take the present cost and take away the past cost and afterward separate the entire condition by the past cost. On the off chance that you duplicate that by 100, you get the pace of swelling. I have decided to contrast three countries’ CPI with show how Cape Verde’s economy has become over the previous decade. As found in the diagram underneath, the expenses of products in 2007 was 15 percent higher than it was in 2000. The CPI increment mirrors the high swelling that happened over this time period.By utilizing the CPI, you additionally can see that Cape Verde and Senegal were similarly powerless to expansion in contrast with the bigger, all the more monetarily stable United States . When relating back to GDP, these numbers bode well, because of the way that the development of the U. S. is altogether more noteworthy than these nations. Country| 2000 Prices (US$)| 2005 Prices (US$)| 2007 Prices (US$)| Cape Verde| $95| $100| $110| Senegal| $93| $100| $108| United States| $88| $100| $106| | In the diagram beneath, notice the connection between the development rate and the expansion rate.Over the previous decade, GDP development has pretty continually surpassed swelling, barring 2008. This infers a positive genuine GDP development rate. Hence, the GDP of Cape Verde speaks to positive development, and when you consider, the economy is developing at a positive rate. The explanation the swelling rate grew out of the GDP development rate in 2008 was on the grounds that the World Trade Organization affirmed an arrangement that would see Cape Verde become some portion of the WTO. This brought their expansion rate up over their development rate since Cape Verde needed to submit to the guidelines set by the WTO.However, this was not really an awful thing since it reinforced a multilateral exchanging framework for Cape Verde and permitted them to keep on incorporating into the world’s economy. How Do They Sustain Themselves? Because of their absence of characteristic assets, Cape Verde has turned to overwhelming exchange between nations. This is the reason their ongoing section into the World Trade Organization has been so essential. The diagram underneath shows a breakdown of the GDP of Cape Verde by division. As recently referenced, the economy of Cape Verde is for the most part comprised of administrations. The administrations include: trade, transport, and open services.Recently, the legislature has essentially centered around the advancement of the travel industry and fisheries. They would like to exploit their geographic area by tricking travelers in to their colorful hotels. Likewise, because of the way that they are an island nation of f the shore of Africa, they can profit by the advancement of their fisheries. Cape Verde’s horticulture is made troublesome by the absence of precipitation during the year and just four of the ten islands are rich. Along these lines, they need to fall back on bringing in a large portion of their food. About 82% of food is brought into Cape Verde every year, making them run a high exchange deficit.This implies that they need to get a substantial measure of outside guide so as to continue themselves. The business part of Cape Verde’s economy generally comprises of refining minerals, for example, earth and salt. The other modern piece of Cape Verde is comprised of shoes and articles of clothing. Despite the fact that the mechanical segment doesn't assume a significant job in the GDP of Cape Verde, it despite everything supplies employments for the residents of the nation. Are Too Many People Unemployed? Work is a fundamental factor of a country’s economy. All toget her for an economy to be supportable, it must have enough individuals that can work and produce GDP for the country.To decide the investment of the work power of a nation, you should make sense of what number of individuals in the work power are utilized and jobless. Basically, the work power cooperation rate is number utilized in addition to jobless separated by the absolute grown-up populace. To figure the joblessness rate, you take the absolute number jobless and gap it by the work power. At the end of the day, the joblessness rate reveals to us the amount of the work power is being used. In 2000, Cape Verde had a joblessness pace of 21%, with a sum of 155,981 individuals in the work force.The joblessness rate is entirely poor contrasted with the remainder of the world; howeve

Small Enterprise Association of Australia

Question: Talk about the Small Enterprise Association of Australia. Answer: Presentation: According to the Halabi, Barrett and Dyt (2010), little scope organizations utilizes bookkeeping programming with the end goal of creation of the budget reports, for example, monetary record, income articulation and pay explanation. It is additionally discovered that the bookkeeping data or information is seen diversely by various organizations because of which the bookkeeping programming can't be utilized to their maximum capacity. The bookkeeping programming is utilized by the Australian Tax Office to record and gathering all the budgetary data. The fundamental purpose for it is that the bookkeeping programming encourages in picking up information with respect to various budgetary exchanges. The proprietors of the organizations are required to present their tax assessment return which record the data identified with pay and uses made by the firm and computes its benefit or misfortune in a year (Halabi, Barrett and Dyt, 2010). In the perspectives on Griff (2014), the tax assessment returns of every substance records the all out number of comparable sort of exchanges completed by the element, for example, bank premium got, expenses of merchandise sold, deals, compensation paid, etc. With the end goal of tax assessment, money bookkeeping is applied. Moreover, the business activities can be reflected in a proper way by the utilization of gathering bookkeeping. The subjective information examination programming bundle is being utilized with the end goal of distinguishing proof of the watchwords and ordering the content into topics (Griff, 2014). As per Breen, Sciulli and Calvert (2003), there are a few bookkeeping programming which are utilized by the associations for recording operational exercises as opposed to for vital purposes, for example, MYOB and CAS. Organizations are intensely depended on the bookkeepers for the auditing of the fiscal reports and completing diverse accounting administrations regardless of the usage of the CAS programming in the association. These days, organizations are urged to use CAS bookkeeping programming for the looking into of the budget reports as it encourages in decreasing the general expense brought about to survey it. After the execution of the GST in 2000, organizations are acknowledged the use of electronic bookkeeping programming for the exploring and development of the fiscal summaries of the organization. Other than this, organizations require bookkeeping programming with the end goal of formation of fiscal reports so as to take choices in a compelling way. Such bookkeeping program ming are anything but difficult to utilize and can be effectively utilized by undeveloped bookkeepers (Breen, Sciulli and Calvert, 2003). According to Walker and Oliver (2005), these days, firms spend extensive sum on the bookkeeping bundled programming to outline and exploring bookkeeping data as it encourages in lessening the time and cost. Some money related administrations firms receive business bundles that suit their requirements for which they cause cost in the method for permit expenses, supported turn of events and upkeep (Walker and Oliver, 2005). Curtis (2012) has expressed that MYOB is a bookkeeping programming thought about best for little scope organizations. This product contains distinctive bookkeeping modules, for example, deals and buying modules and stock modules. It is considered as simple to utilize business programming and can be applied to a business. This product encourages directors to process and following bills payable and receivables, deals and buys. This product is considered as a useful asset for dealing with the stock in a powerful and proficient way. It additionally encourages in conveying the monetary data to other related gatherings by the method for messages. This product encourages in the administration of money receipts and use or stock in a powerful way. This product encourages in completing various elements of little scope organizations, for example, banking, accounts, buys , card record, work the executives and age of money related reports. MYOB isn't just considered as bookkeeping programming yet additionally viewed as business and stock administration arrangement. This product brings about increasing constant information and ex;porting of all reports to MS Excel. This product has in excess of 1000000 clients for dealing with their distinctive business works all through the world. This product and its items are created in Australia since 1990. Other than this, it is alsio utilized in Malaysia from 1996 (Curtis, 2012). In the perspectives on Deshmukh (2006) MYOB (Mind Your Own Business) is an Australian global organization that gives finance, bookkeeping and retail programming and web facilitating to little and medium organizations. This product is notable and utilized by dominant part of the organizations in Australia and New Zealand. The organization is recorded on Australian Stock Exchange in 1999. The organization has additionally propelled new bundle of online administrations in the year 2008 which incorporates email facilitating, web facilitating and space enrollment. The primary contenders of MYOB incorporate Intuit and Xero. There is a presence of the difficulties looked by clients of MYOB which incorporate information security, notwithstanding, the organization has put intensely in the security of the information (Deshmukh, 2006). According to the Stolowy and Lebas (2006), the electronic bookkeeping programming encourages in improving the speed and precision of preparing of the bookkeeping data. What's more, the data is moved back from the server if there should be an occurrence of event of fiascos and dangers. The utilization of bookkeeping programming encourages in diminishing the work required in the association as the vast majority of the procedures is finished naturally, for example, plotting diagrams, graphs and estimations. These days, organizations grow their organizations across national limits because of a few explanation, for example, nearness of modest assets, better expense guidelines and exchange advancement which has brought about an expansion in the bearing on the bookkeeping methodology and procedures of the organization. The expanded volume of the bookkeeping data brings about the presentation of the data to mistakes because of the nearness of intricacy of the bookkeeping data framework. The utilization of bookkeeping data framework helps in putting away huge measure of money related data because of quality of enormous stockpiling and handling capacity (Stolowy and Lebas, 2006). As per Needles and Powers (2008), the bookkeeping programming bundles encourage in arrangement of the entire bookkeeping framework to be run on PC. The principle purpose for it is that it encourages in staying up with the latest bookkeeping and stock reports. There is a necessity of keeping up complex money related data in a precise way as the organizations extend their organizations over the globe by securing new clients, new markets and reception to the progressions occurring in the innovation to stay serious in the market. The automated Accounting System helps in smoothing out, rearrange and incorporate the business forms and give an away from of all the business procedures to the clients. The utilization of bookkeeping programming is getting well known among various organizations because of decrease in the PC costs and bookkeeping programming. In Australian, larger part of the independent ventures utilizes bookkeeping programming and bundles to record budgetary exchanges (Needles and Powers, 2008; Kolitz, 2016). Lewis and Trevitt (2003) has recommended that improvement in innovation has brought about the selection of the mechanized bookkeeping frameworks and results in the substitution of the manual bookkeeping frameworks. The electronic bookkeeping framework encourages in handling the data which is prior performed physically. This has helped in increasing exact, legitimate and solid outcomes from the monetary data. Other than this, it likewise encourages in improving the general execution and profitability of the associations. The mechanized bookkeeping framework has applied same rationale of diary sections, record, reports and articulations in a manual framework. It likewise encourages in age of the fiscal summaries in a simple and snappy way with the end goal of its audit by the administration of the organization. This framework helps in consolidating the bookkeeping ideas and standards with the idea of data framework to record, dissect and creation of the budget summaries to its clients so they can settle on compelling choices in a fast way (Lewis and Trevitt, 2003). According to Ahmed (2008), the advantages of CAS, for example, appropriation of the easy to use bookkeeping programming, speedy, enormous capacity limit, arrangement of exact and solid outcomes have constrained little and medium ventures to embrace the framework so as to record the money related exchanges in a successful way. Other than this, there is likewise a requirement for administrators to think about various factors before the appropriation of the bookkeeping programming and bundles, for example, steady and opportune information in various announcing groups. The automated Accounting framework encourages in diminishing an opportunity to record budgetary exchanges. This encourages in giving bookkeeping data in a straightforward way in the bookkeeping programming. This additionally helps in diminishing the time spent by the staff in readiness of the records (Ahmed, 2008). Other than this, Turner and Weickgenannt (2008) have recommended that it additionally helps in lessening the review costs by staying up with the latest and exact data. It is significant for the associations to store data in the framework for inconclusive time with the goal that they can see the data in future to make correlations in future. Other than this, it additionally encourages in dispersion of the data to various partners of the organization in a simple way. The age of the monetary reports of the organization encourages chiefs to screen its money related execution and settle on brisk and precise choices with respect to the business (Turner and Weickgenannt, 2008). Refe

International Industrial Relations - Convergence and Divergence - Free Essay Example

I. INTRODUCTION There has been a growing interest in the issue of globalization, internationalization, best practices adoption and its impacts on the convergence of national employment relations system. Many scholars concludes that at the industry level, the needed changes to be more flexible and internationally competitive has led to several common patterns in term of employment relations. Meanwhile, others argue that cross-national variations such as culture, economic stage of development, institutions workers, behavioral mindset still exist and constitutes diversity within and between nations. This essay will review some of the most relevant literature, research and debates surrounding the topic as well as explore different viewpoints in order to make an insightful understanding of these processes. The paper will also compare and contrast two of three most dominant national models: Anglo-American and Japanese model (another is Rhineland-German model) as a case to reflect how co nvergence and divergence in term of employment relations system moving unstoppable. II. CONVERGENCE – COMING TOGETHER 1. Globalization Impact Convergence of employment relations system across national borders was predicted in the early days by many scholars. They stated that globalization and international trade may put pressure on firms to standardize practices and policies. Convergence theory was developed by American Harbison and Myers (1959) and Kerr et al. (1960). They view similar political and economic systems is the result of industrialization process and rapid growth of advanced technology. While the theory itself does not specify on industrial relations or human resource management, but its approach can be applied to gain understanding of the issue. Globalizations impacts on HRM come via the opening and penetration of economies to external forces. This is two-way process, with both indigenous firms and multinational enterprise adopt each others HRM practice. F or example, foreign direct investment (FDI) promote new HRM practice from home country to host country (home-country effect) or alliances/ mergers and acquisitions between organizations facilitate the personnel transfer/relocation, in turn lead to potential convergence. Kerrs view in the 19060s received criticism due to the over-simplification of industrial development, too much emphasis to the technology impact. Nevertheless, Kerr and other scholars like MAcDuffie (1995) argued that the forces of convergence was more likely to overwhelm national differences. 2. Best Practice Effect Convergence theorists also debate the spread of best practice effect and benchmarking. What is considered best practice is subjective and variable between authors, sectors and time. To simplify, we can take Gennard and Judge (1993)s defined best practice (in employee relations) as managing by behaving in a fair and reasonable manner which help to add value to the business. They assumed that firm ac ross nations would have to converge to best practice, otherwise losing the competitive advantages. From the industrial relations perspective, it means that HRM system need a more comprehensive and integrated mechanism, rather than a pick and mix of few practices in order to gain their performance (Pfeffer, 1994). It is also important to notice that best practice benchmarking occur in two different scales: internal or individual firm practice, for instance the use of particular technology, production system, labor division, inventory management system, etc and external or inter-firm practice, such as customers and suppliers relations, related industries collaboration or educational institution relations. Furthermore, universal-type theorists believe internationalization forces (political, socio, economic and technological/STEP) will push national system, including industrial relations and HRM towards uniformity. It is argued that all countries are influenced by these factors th erefore government will provide similar responsibilities regarding to workforce, infrastructure and competition for international investment (Salamon ,1997). In short, the transfer of universal best practices around the world resulting in convergence system, both at enterprise (internal and inter-firm) and national (constitutional and industry) level. 3. US Japan Case The next part of paper will analysis, compare and contrast between two very different nations: Japan and U. S. A in term of employment relations and corporate governance model, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This would be an example to illustrate how the convergence process varies during the time periods. Japanese companies were relatively organization-oriented, meaning that employment was of extended duration and turnover low, training was extensive; and internal considerations equity, seniority-dominated decision making on wages and allocations. Stakeholder corporate governance and enterprise un ions supported the firm s organizations orientation, All these implies centralized HR function in Japan. On the other hand, U. S s employment practice tended to be more market-oriented with shorter job duration and higher turnover, low training expenditures, pay and allocation based on ongoing rates and other external criteria. Corporate governance privileged shareholders, and unions were either industrial in orientation or did not exist. HR function is decentralized in U. S. In the 1980s, the flow of management was from east to west, with the idea of Japanization of work organization, quality systems and industry relations. During this period, U. S economy struggled, productivity declined, inflation rose while Japan experienced one of most glorious days of economy. American realized they should learn the Japanese economy model of high levels of coordination between business and government, well-balance between stakeholders, highly trained workers as well as just-in-time metho d. However, in the 1990s, the flow has reversed with Japanese companies experienced pressures to adapt U. S- style corporate governance and market-oriented employment practice. U. S now enjoys macroeconomic success, generate millions of new jobs while Japan and Europe experienced slow growth and high level of unemployment. American model with flexible employment arrangements, shareholder sovereignty, decentralized companies recaptured the lead as slower-growing peers such as Japan and Europe regarding the model as the best. Generally, this two economies become more aware of each other, they compare themselves and more likely to adopt each others practices, especially at the level of the industry in which they complete. For example, U. S investors are active in Japan, trying to persuade local executives to adopt U. S- style business practices, just as U. S policy makers have been urging the Japanese government to emulate American laws regarding trade, commerce and intellectual property. On the other hand, Japanese firms have made huge amount of investment in U. S and have considerable U. S based employees who adopt to Japanese-style practices. Over time, the U. S and Japanese firms resembled each other and this could be considered a type of convergence. However, not all ideas were borrowed. The Meiji reformers in Japan during nineteenth century picked and chose the national models that were considered best practice of the day, but they favored those that fit with Japanese characteristics. For instance, French police system over the English version. As in 1980s, Japanese learn about the American superior economic system, but only those elements that best fit with Japanese practice. Japanese labor law is an example of how Japanese borrow American elements but still preserve their underlying structure. . Limitation of universalistic theory Convergence theory is contradictory as criticism states that they are too simplistic, assume all organizations implem ent practice in the same way while in fact they only benchmark what considered best fit practice elements into their system. In addition, best practice would not bring competitive advantage if all other firms can imitate those practice as well. The theory also focus on the system and practices but ignore variations in national context such as institutions and culture. III. DIVERGENCE MOVING APART While many convergence theorists support that there is one best practice of HRM approaches for organizations across nations to follow in order to fit the external environment regardless of differences in technology or stability of environment, it fail to explain how these managerial ideas and practice are interpreted, implemented and respond vary at individual, firm, industrial and institutional level. 1. Culturalism Perspective One of the criticism emphasis on the remained cultural differences between economies. The popular work of Hofstede (1980;1992) can applied to explain the var iation in management aspect. Culture is defined as the collective programming of mind of individuals or groups which is reflected in particular assumptions, beliefs and norms held by that person or groups. Apply these perspective to employment relations area, these cultural factors was believed to be of the main important elements that shape management behavior and working practice, therefore bring about divergence. Hofstede concluded that each country will have distinct national economic culture ince they respond differently along axis of four dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance) US-Japan Case Japan For example: individualistic in the US encourage personal incentives versus collectivism in Japan which remunerates group achievement and minimizes pay differentials . Or high uncertainty avoidance in Japan, favor social stability, guarantees of job security while low uncertainty avoidance in America indicates high degree of labor market mobi lity. Therefore, each country would end up with each own distinctive national economic culture because they respond differently along each of four culture dimension. Limitation of Perspective However, this cultural approach also have its limitation because it assumes that individual cultural attributes that influence economic behavior held constantly over time. In fact, many value and individual perceptions change such as Japanese adapt to more individualism base view from Western, especially in the case of young generation. Furthermore, the assumption of these cultural characteristics may led to bias, cultural stereotypes or misunderstandings. In addition, it completely ignore the wider institutional context such as national legal framework, business system variations as well as industrial orders. Given that limitation, other authors like Whitehill (1991) argues that cultural should not only include values held by individuals but also the structure of the firm and society. Th ese boarder factors are referred to as institutional approach 2. Institutional Perspectives The institutional view argues that the traditional values and practices are embedded in a countrys social and economic institutions. Maurice et al. (1986) argues that variation in educational institutions, organization structure produce national distinctive patterns of institutional framework. Whitley (1998) who adopt these perspectives in explaining the pre-industrial history and industrialization process shape the national business system. Similarly, Kotsova (1999) defined the term country institutional profile (CIP) as a country set of 3 institution: regulatory (laws, rules), cognitive (schemas, frames), and normative (values and norms). He also mentioned the gap between HRM practices and mindsets that result in failure of internalization- the deeper process when employee make commitment to, satisfaction with and psychological ownership of the practice. Adopt of best practice in HRM therfore does not lead to global harmonization but differences as the effect of negative internalization process or divergence between All these view can be utilized to explain the variations within and between nation in term of HRM and industrial relations US-Japan Case For example, the success of Japanese economies would not be explained only by its strong work ethic; and discipline but should include other institutional factor like government support, substantial enterprise training. direction and availability of skilled workforce. These institutional factors create national culture gaps between countries (Horng, 1993) and constitutes huge barrier to the convergence process. Both the cultural and institutional approach above can be utilized by scholars to argue that national employments relations system and practices are varied. Even convergence at the global level in terms of political, economic, socio and technological forces as mentioned on the first part, divergence sti ll remain. Divergence remains at the national and intra-national level (macro) since these forces are interpreted, responded and implemented by different way with each countrys unique tradition and cultures. At the firm, employee level (macro) divergence occurs since each individual have their own distinctive behavioral mindsets to make commitment and internalization the newly adopted practice. Kottova, 1999:311) Furthermore, each countries are at different stages of industrial and economic development, different way technology configured and used, different choice to make their distinctive political-economic framework best fit with global environment, gap between theory and reality of practice are considered reasons that all create divergence. 3. Convergence and Divergence- not subtitles but complementary Recently, scholars realized that divergence can happen inside the convergence trend to some extent as other way around. Youndt et al. 1996 support the view by argues that converge nce and divergence both simultaneously occur, only at different level of HRM systems structure. Universal and best practice effect are likely to occur at macro level (structure, technology) and divergence at micro level (internal fit, culture and behavior mindsets). To summaries, transfer of best practice and convergence of Industrial relations system is a matter of degree, not of kind. What aspects and how much choice is determinants that shape the divergence inside that kind (Taira, 1990). IV. CONCLUSION Through the paper, I have examined the impacts of globalization on the national employment system, using Japan and US model as example to explore different viewpoints of convergence/divergence perspectives. On one side, multinational enterprise apply global standards to their employment system with best practice transferred at various levels, therefore push the convergence button. On the other side, institutional and mindsets differences, the level of HRM practice integrated, i nternalization, implemented push the divergence button. More importantly, it was agreed that both process occur simultaneously and there is no best practice for all. Depend on their own unique culture and structure. firm will design their own HRM practices as their strategic advantages to be globally successful. References Whitley, R. (1998) Internationalization and Varierities of Capitalism: The Limited Effects of Cross National Coordination of Economic Activities on the Nature of Business System. Review of International Political Economy, 5: 445-481. Harbison, F. and Myers, C. (1959) (eds. ) Management in the Industrialized World. NY: McGraw Hill. Kerr, C. , Dunlop, J. , Harbison, E. H. , Myers, C. (1962). Industrialism and industrial man. London: Heinemann. MacDuffie, J. P. (1995) International Trends in Work Organization in the Auto Industry: National-Level vs Company-Level Perspectives in K. Wever and L. Turner (eds. ) The Comparative Political Economy of IR, Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 71-113 Gennard, J. , Judge, G. (1999). Employee relations. London: IPD. Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage throgh people. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press. Salamon, M. (2000). Indstrial relations: Theory and practice. London: FT/Prentice Hall Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. London: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural Constrains in Management Theories. Academy of Management Excutive, 7 (1): 81-93. Whitehill, A. (1991) Japanese Management, London: Routledge. Maurice, M. , Sellier, F. and Silvestre, J. J. (1986) The Social Foundations of Industrial Power, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management REview, 24(2): 308-324 Horng, C. 1993). Cultural differences, Trust and their relationships to business strategy and control. Advances in International Comparative Management, 8:175-197. Youn dt, M. A. , Snell, S. A. , Dean, J. W. , Jr. , Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 949-969. Taira, K. (1990). From Americanization of Japan to Japanization of America in HRM/IR. Paper Presented at the Forty Third Annual Meeting of the INdustrial Relations REsearcch Association (pp. 467-475). Washington, D. C. : IRRA

Dance Therapy Essay - 1852 Words

Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research. Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability. Origins Dance therapy began as a profession in the 1940s with the work of Marian Chace. A modern dancer, she†¦show more content†¦Dance therapy is suitable even for people who are not accomplished dancers, and may even be good for those who are clumsy on the dance floor. The emphasis in dance therapy is on free movement, not restrictive steps, and expressing ones true emotions. Children who cannot master difficult dances or cant sit still for traditional psychotherapy often benefit from free-flowing dance therapy. Even older people who cannot move well or are confined to wheelchairs can participate in dance therapy. All they need to do is move in some way to the rhythm of the music. Dance therapy can be useful in a one-on-one situation, where the therapist works with only one patient to provide a safe place to express emotions. Group classes can help provide emotional support, enhanced communication skills, and appropriate physical boundaries (a skill that is vital for sexual abuse victims). Description There are currently more than 1,200 dance therapists in 46 states in the United Sates and in 29 foreign countries. Like other mental health professionals, they use a wide range of techniques to help their patients. Some of the major schools of thought in dance therapy include the Freudian approach, Jungian technique, and object relations orientation. Many therapists, however, do not ascribe to just one school, but use techniques from various types of dance therapy. The authentic movement technique is derived from the Jungian method of analysis in which peopleShow MoreRelatedDance Therapy1988 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Dance therapy is a kind of psychotherapy that uses movement to promote the social, mental, emotional, and physical improvement of an individual. Dance is the most important key of the arts it involves a direct expression of someone’s self over one’s body. It is specifically a powerful medium for therapy. Dance therapy is the use of movement to recover the mental and physical health of a person. Dance therapy is the use of movement to recover the mental and physical health of a personRead More Dance Therapy Essay1803 Words   |  8 PagesDance Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapyRead MoreInformative Essay About Dance Therapy1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is dance? Dance is defined as lively movement using one’s body with or without music. Dancing means to feel someone existence to feel vitality, joy, and most importantly to feel alive. Anyone can define dancing as whatever they would like, but how is dance useful to our lives? Whether you are a ballerina from birth or if you are newly introduced to the art of dance, everyone can dance some way, shape, or form. Dance therapy provides psychological and physical benefits. It helps connect bodyRead MoreReflection Paper On Dance / Movement Therapy1347 Words   |  6 PagesAfter experiencing the majority of the quarter experiencing art therapies I was not too familiar with, I was excited to learn more about my own modality and see the reaction of my fellow classmates. I was eager to see my own reactions to the experientials and how this class could challenge the way I view dance/movement therapy. That is what makes this field so interesting. While the foundational principles are still the same, therapists have their own way of practicing in the field, which makes itRead MoreReflection On Dance Movement Therapy1074 Words   |  5 PagesWith the Fall quarter coming to a close, it is interesting to reflect on how much I learned about the therapeutic process and dance/movement therapy. Before this course, I had an idea about dance/movement therapy, but through the experiential in class, readings, and learning from my peers, I feel as though a more knowledgeable, comprehensive idea of dance/movement therapy. This class not only challenged me to step out of my comfort zone, but I feel as though this class brought us together as a cohortRead MoreThe Role Of Dance Therapy For The Lgbt Community Essay823 Words   |  4 Pageshuman health. My interest in human biology began when I worked as a part of a team that investigated dance therapy as a form of treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. I conducted interviews in which participants completed quality of life assessments. I learned about the significance of combining subjective and objective measures of stress. The main findings were that after months of therapy, patients showed slight improvement in tremor and gait as well as positive emotional life assessmentsRead MoreAutism And The Effects Of Art Therapy1850 Words   |  8 Pages Autism and the Effects of Art Therapy Autism is a disorder in early brain development that effects social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive disorders (Pace, Dumortier, Favre-Juvin, Guinot, Bricout, 2016). It is recognized that children with ASD have difficulties with social engagements and expressing emotions, however some are well liked and do not struggle in social relationships (Locke, Williams, Shih, Kasari, 2016). Over time there has been an increaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Dance Therapy On Different Diseases Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In recent years the interest in the effects of dance therapy on different diseases has become prominent. One of the most prominent areas of study for dance therapy is its effect on people with Parkinson’s disease. Studies have focused on the overall effect on gait, balance, social interactions, and emotional health. In order to test all of these different aspects of the studies the most used tests are the timed up-and-go test (TUG) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). There is an agreementRead MoreDance Theraphy Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Growing Field of Dance Therapy In the world of therapy, there are many routes that can be taken by college graduates to lead successful lives. There are the â€Å"norms† such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy. There are also the therapy types that have not been exposed quite as much as the aforementioned and should be because they are definitely exciting and should be explored. Among these is the lucrative field of dance therapy. Dance therapy is one of, if not theRead MorePersuasive Essay About Dancing1571 Words   |  7 PagesShocker right? I’m not really the type of person you would associate good dancing with. And yes, I am speaking the truth. I have in fact been told I am a good dancer. But truth be told, I’m actually quite bad, I just embrace it and dance anyway. I have wanted to go to a dance class for the longest time to actually improve my moves. I have yet to do that, and probably never will. But ask anyone on the hockey team, I am always jammin out to the music before games and practices. Not only does dancing before

Mark s Student Profile And Case Study Essay - 1833 Words

Mark’s Student Profile and Case Study Nicole Barrett, Jaime Bell, Danielle Burns, Kristel Gallagher, and Brianne Panebianco Background Information: Mark Freeman is a nine year old fourth grade third month male student at Bill Clinton Elementary School. Mark was born on July 29, 2005. Mark is in a general education classroom, but is having difficulties in the areas of reading and writing. Marks classification is a specific learning disability in reading and writing. Mark’s health has always been in the normal range with no vision, hearing, or motor difficulties. Academic Information: Mark is a fourth grader in a general education classroom. The reason for this initial evaluation was that he was displaying difficulties in reading - especially vocabulary, reading, and comprehension – and in writing mechanics. He was given a variety of tests to evaluate his academic performance. A speech-language pathologist gave Mark the Test of Language Development-Intermediate: 3 (TOLD-1:3) to test different components of his spoken language skills. Mark performed within the average range on all the subtests. A school psychologist administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, in which Mark performed within the average range. His standard score for Verbal IQ was 92, for Performance IQ he received a standard score of 107, and he got a standard Full Scale IQ score of 102. 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Poetic Devices in the Dream of the Rood Essay Example For Students

Poetic Devices in the Dream of the Rood Essay Even many of the Christian followers in the audience would have had strong ancestral ties to pagan beliefs. To effectively reach this disparate and evolving crowd with his message of Christian salvation, the author employs several established poetic devices, common in the oral traditions of the various and blended Anglo-Saxon tribes. Narrative structure, vivid imagery, and anthropomorphism are key poetic devices used to appeal to Christians and non-Christians alike. Using these devices, The Dream of the Rood incorporates the ideals and entertainment value of a non- Christian oral tradition into a homiletic allegory about the Passion of Christ and the remises of Christian salvation. Lo! Choicest of dreams I will relate, / What dream I dreamt in middle of night / When mortal men reposed in rest (1-3). These opening lines of the poem immediately announce the narrative arrangement of the poem, a familiar form to any audience, but especially influential in Germanic literature. Oral tradition and story-telling are hallmarks of the blended, non-Christian culture, and the device effectively disarms the audience, supplanting cynicism with intrigue. As the speaker recounts the subject of his dream, A wondrous wood (4), he is careful tot to digress too far from the narrative strand, introducing a shift in both action and voice in line 26, The best of woods gang speak these words. Thus, the audience is drawn into a story within a story, as the Rood reveals itself as Chrisms crucifix and details its own role in the Passion. At the conclusion of this heavily Christian overture by the Rood, taking up 94 of the 1 55 total lines of verse, the poem suddenly returns to the opening narrators voice and has the dramatic effect of waking from a dream. In the closing portion of the poem, the speaker concludes his story by explaining to the audience how his dream has impacted him, With small attendance; the thought of my mind / For the Journey was ready (123-124); his experience has prepared him for the Journey to salvation. With an intriguing beginning, cryptic middle, and reflective conclusion, the poet pays homage to the story-telling form of the non- Christian oral tradition. In doing so, the author disguises his message of salvation to his non-Christian audience. The persuasive strength of the narrative structure is bolstered by a persistent use of imagery, invoking visions of kings and warriors. These images were fundamental to the pre-Christian, monarchical and warring tribal cultures of the Anglo-Saxons, and the poem uses them to translate pagan ideals to those of Christianity. In the beginning of the poem, the narrator describes the Rood as the Brightest of trees; that beacon was all / Beiger with gold; Jewels were standing / Four at surface of earth, likewise were there five / Above on the shoulder- brace (5-8). This description draws a picture of the Rood that is much like the crown and Jewels of a royal figure. While shoulder-brace could be a literal reference to the instruction off crucifix, the effect is one of corporal imagery. In lines 15 and 16, the Rood is again described as Beiger with gold; bright gems had there / Worthily decked the tree of the Lord. The reference to gold and Jewels is one that the author clearly wishes the audience to fully envision. Like a great king, the Rood is deemed worthy of its ornamentation. The reference to the Lord solidifies the royal image. In lines 17-19, that royal image is contrasted with one of the warrior: meet through that gold I might perceive / Old strife of the wretched, that first it gave / Blood on the stronger right] side. This dichotomy of king and warrior, worthy and yet suffering, further equates the Rood to the audiences non-Christian ancestry, as kings and warriors were typically one and the same. The poems most delayed poetic device is also what permits its most universal appeal; the personification of the Rood. While the images of gold bedecked kings and bleeding warriors are hints of the Roods anthropomorphic nature, when the narration shifts, and the Rood begins to speak, the audience is catapulted into an alternate reality where Chrisms crucifix has its own perspective on the Passion. .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .postImageUrl , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:hover , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:visited , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:active { border:0!important; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:active , .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95 .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufbc4c075d2f3f150b0d44068f5cdec95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Grade Essay On An Inspector CallsThe Rood is able to tell of its experience before the crucifixion, Twats long ago (l remember it still) / That I was hewn at end of a grove (27-28), and after, One buried us in deep pit, yet of me the thanes of the Lord, / His friend, heard tell; , / and me beiger with gold and silver (74-76). This supernatural animation of the Rood, with its own life and views entirely separate from Christ gives the poem a fantastic, mystical feeling, one that bridges the gap between rigid Christian evangelism and classic entertainment.

Mortgage and Housing Act in the U.S

Introduction It is pointed out that, â€Å"in its preamble to the 1949 Housing Act, Congress declared its goal of ‘a decent home in a suitable living environment for every American family’† (Schwartz 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mortgage and Housing Act in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the course of over the last six decades, beginning from the time this legislation was passed, the U.S Federal Government has engaged in assisting to finance the construction as well as rehabilitation of over five million housing units for the families that have a low income, and has also offered rental vouchers to almost two million more families. However, the housing problems in the United States remain severe. For instance, it is reported that in the year 2005, over forty two million families stayed in physically deficient housing, with more than thirty percent of their incomes be ing spent on housing and even some families were homeless (Schwartz 1). Since housing is very costly, its development as well as acquisition mostly relies on borrowed funds. It is reported that â€Å"housing construction, acquisition of existing rental buildings, and the purchase of single-family homes all rely on debt† (Schwartz 51). It is also reported that in the year 2009, the residential mortgages were more than eleven trillion dollars, and this was more than fifty percent of the whole federal government debt (Schwartz 51). Much has been written on the impacts of the US mortgage crisis on the global economy. Financial experts have warned that the impacts of the US housing and financial crises might persist if the necessary policies are not implemented (Kolb 6). As a result, adjustments in the financial institutions have been inevitable. Most mortgage lenders have tightened their lending rates to survive in the changing markets (Bardhan 2). Several financial experts belie ve that the effects of the current US mortgage crisis are far much worse than stated by the government economists.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives of the Study The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the mortgage and Housing Act in the United States of America. In this study, I sought to identify how the Housing Act has achieved its intended objectives. Moreover, my investigation sought to find out how the federal housing program has survived, despite the enormous economic challenges (Krugman 15). Another objective of the study was to assess the level of the current housing crisis in the US. In this regard, a number of the affected sectors were looked at and an evaluation of how the mortgage markets have behaved all through the recession was carried out. Last but not least, the study also sought to analyze the magnitude of the effects of th e housing crisis on the annual revenue collected by the state and the local governments. The research questions for the study included: To what extent have the objectives of the Housing Act in the U.S been met? How have mortgage markets behaved all through the recession (2007- 2008)? What are the effects of housing and financial crises on the government, organizations and households? Why I was Interested in Conducting this Study The Housing Act in the U.S. was enacted with an intention of ensuring that every American has a decent home in a proper living environment. This Act was intended to help ensure that proper housing is affordable to all Americans. However, the housing and financial crises that occurred starting from the year 2007 made this goal to be hard to achieve. The crises had some negative effects on households, organizations and the government. This study sought to understand these effects and the level to which the objectives of the Housing Act have been achieved. Th is study is very important because understanding these effects, and how effective the Housing Act has been, will go a long way in helping to come up with appropriate policies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mortgage and Housing Act in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Implementation of such policies will serve to prevent the same effects from being felt in the future, and to ensure the objectives of the Housing Act are achieved to the highest level possible. Literature Review It is reported that before the commencement of â€Å"the Great Depression† in the year 1929; funding for buying â€Å"owner-occupied housing was in short supply and expensive†(Schwartz 51). Mortgages usually became due after a period of between two to eleven years, depending on the kind of the lender, â€Å"requiring repayment or re-financing† (Schwartz 51). A large number of lenders had the willingness to engage in covering less than sixty percent of the value of the property, calling for a larger number of borrowers to get â€Å"the second and third mortgages†(Schwartz 51). The difficulty of funding home purchases limited homeownership to the people who were richer and assisted in making rental housing to be the main type of tenure (Schwartz 51). It is reported that the â€Å"Great Depression† affected the homeowners as well as home ownership negatively to a large extent (Schwartz 51). Unemployment became prevalent and several homeowners could not make their monthly payments for the mortgage any longer. This prompted foreclosure on an immense scale. In the course of the year 1933, over fifty percent of the entire home mortgages â€Å"were defaulted and more than 1,000 mortgages were foreclosed every day† (Schwartz 51). Those homeowners who were able to remain current on their mortgage payments evaded foreclosure (Schwartz 1). However, a large number of them were forced to engage in selling their homes when the mortgages they had come due.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is reported that â€Å"cash-starved banks, beleaguered by customers withdrawing their deposits, became increasingly reluctant to roll over their mortgages and instead demanded that the borrower pay back the principal in full† (Schwartz 52). In addition, during that time, the total mortgage debt of a homeowner could be more than the actual value of the house and this could leave this person in debt even after the house being sold. This is a problem that appeared again seven and a half decades later, when there was collapsing of the recent housing bubble that caused about twenty percent of the homeowners â€Å"to owe more on their mortgage than their homes were worth† (Schwartz 52) (See Appendix 1). Following increased mortgage closure and collapsing of the whole housing industry, the federal government’s response was to take various measures that completely changed the U.S’s â€Å"housing finance system† and assisted in propelling homeownership à ¢â‚¬Å"within reach of a majority of its households† (Schwartz 52). Such institutions and programs made it possible to have a considerable increase in the nation’s homeownership beginning from the 1940s until the 1960s; setting up a fresh and steady â€Å"system for housing finance† which remained concrete for over four decades (Schwartz 52). The United States’ housing and financial sectors contribute significantly to the growth of the country’s economy. In the early 1990s, the US government took an initiative of enabling more low- income earners to own homes (Marshall 23). The government authorized all the housing stakeholders to reduce their mortgage requirements. In the year 1992, the US government, through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, acquired loans from mortgage banks and mortgage brokers. Following this move, more secondary mortgage markets were created (Marshall 34). At that time, regulations required GSEs to allocate 30 % of all the mortgages purchased as affordable housing loans. However, this requirement was not adhered to and in the year 2007, financial experts noted that the percentage had risen to 55% (Marshall 45). In the years 2007 and 2008, the boom in the housing sector came to an end following the onset of global financial crisis (Francis 12). This crisis and the subsequent recession had great negative effects on the US housing and financial sectors. A dramatic increase in default rates was realized. The increase in the default rates occurred because most of the homeowners were among the worst hit individuals by the recession. Notably, most of the homeowners had no retirement accounts (Parker 67). Because of lack of retirement accounts, these individuals were left with nothing they could use to access mortgages. The affected individuals were left with no other choice but to avoid paying their loans. The crisis affected the US government, organizations, institutions, and households (Bardhan 4). Economists noted that the effects of the crisis were felt by all persons, regardless of whether or not they had participated in the growth of the housing sector (Ellis 78). As a result, most of the gains obtained prior to the recession were reversed. Methodology This research involved use of secondary data. The collection of this data involved considering the existing data. The existing data included the surveys that have been conducted by various researchers as well as the general information on mortgages and the Housing Act. The work presented by other people on the subject was examined and used in this research in order to help answer the research questions and to achieve the objectives of the study. Results and Discussion Basing on the research conducted by some researchers in the past, it was found out that, about forty percent of the people in the United States of America have experienced financial distress in the course of the recession (National Bureau of Economic Research 1). Experts point out that â€Å"spending changes provide one measure of the recession’s impact on households’ well-being† (National Bureau of Economic Research 1). In a survey conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research, it was found that about seventy five percent of the respondents pointed out that they had reduced spending, and this was because of the economic crisis. Those that reported having engaged in reducing their spending cited various reasons for the reduction: eighty percent of them cited the need of reducing debt; seventy percent cited a decrease in the level of income; forty five percent cited a change in the status of employment; forty five percent cited a reduction in the value of their homes; and thirty five percent cited stock holdings (National Bureau of Economic Research 1). This is a clear indication that the housing and financial crises have affected the households adversely (National Bureau of Economic Research 1). In considering the effects of t he housing and financial crises on organizations, the existing data on this issue was also used. It was found out that, due to the sharp decline in the value of the â€Å"mortgage-backed† securities, the retail as well as the investment banks were compelled to â€Å"write-down† losses incurred on the securities that they held (Tiller 45). This brought about great losses in the whole banking sector in the last two quarters of the year 2007. The crisis became even more intense in March 2008 when the collapse of Bear Steams occurred. It was found out that, because the crisis made the banks to be afraid of lending money, both households and businesses were not able to borrow (Tiller 45). Therefore, the households put purchases on hold while the businesses engaged in laying-off their workers. It was also found out that, in the last quarter of the year 2008, the banking sector recorded a loss of twenty six billion dollars (Tiller 45). Moreover, the research established that the local governments were less hit by the recession as compared to the state governments. However, there is likelihood that the pressures will mount. It was found out that the local governments witnessed a smaller decline in the tax revenues as compared to the state governments. According to the available information, â€Å"even as national income home prices fell by 27 percent between the end of June 2006 and the end of 2010, property tax collection increased by 31 percent during the same period, reflecting delayed response to home price changes and new tax measures† (Congressional Budget Office 1). However, the declining housing prices will, sooner or later, feed into the local government tax revenues. The research findings indicated that, both the local and state governments reacted in response to the fiscal pressures by bringing down the level of their expenditure by almost 3% in real terms, in the cause of 2008/2009 fiscal year. Moreover, the local governments engaged i n cutting their labor force by approximately two percent within the period between December 2007 and December 2010 (Congressional Budget Office 1). It was also found out that the local government raised the level of some of the taxes, property taxes included, and made their tax base to be wider. This assisted in supporting collection of tax in the initial stages of the crisis (Congressional Budget Office 1). The bursting of the housing bubble began in the year 2006 and there was accelerating of the decline in 2007 and 2008 (Baker 73; Lybeck 120) (see Appendix). The housing prices ceased to go up in the year 2006.These prices then began to go down in 2007 and have, up to now, dropped by approximately 25% from the highest point (Moseley 1). The price reduction implied that homeowners could not be able to refinance any more, where there was resetting of their rates of mortgage This made the delinquencies as well as mortgage defaults to escalate, mainly ‘†among subprime borr owers† (Moseley 1). Beginning from the month of January 2006 up to August 2008, the proportion of mortgages in foreclosure rose by three times, â€Å"and the percentage of mortgages in foreclosure or at least thirty days delinquent more than doubled, from 4.5 percent to 10 percent† (Moseley 1). These rates are found to be the highest beginning from the time of the Great Depression. The peak of the rate of delinquency that occurred previously was 6.8% in the year 1984 and also in the year 2002 (Moseley 1). It has been projected that the worst has not yet happened. The hope that the American people have been having of owning their own homes is turning out to prove to be unrealizable. Conclusion The enactment of the Housing Act in the U.S. was undertaken with an aim of making sure that each and every American citizen has a decent home in a suitable environment. This Act aimed at ensuring that proper housing is affordable to all Americans. However, the housing and financial crises that occurred starting from the year 2007 made this goal hard to achieve. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the mortgage and Housing Act in the United States. This research sought to identify how the Housing Act has achieved its objectives. In achieving the objectives of this research and answering the research questions; the available literature on the topic was reviewed and secondary data was analyzed. It was established that, following the housing and financial crises, a considerable number of households reduced their spending. This was due to various reasons, which include; need of reducing debt, reduction in the income level, change in the employment status, reduction in the value of homes, and stock holdings. It was also found out that, such organizations as banks made big losses. Moreover, both the local and state governments experienced a decrease in the tax revenues. They responded by increasing other taxes, such as property taxes. The housing and financial crises prevented the Housing Act objectives from being achieved to a considerable level. These crises have made it hard for the households to obtain funds from banks. A considerable number of people are struggling to survive and cannot be able to afford proper housing. Policies need to be put in place to ensure these effects brought in by these crises are overcome and also to ensure that, the same cannot happen again in the future in order for all of the Housing Act objectives to be achieved to the highest level possible. Works Cited Baker, Dean. â€Å"The housing bubble and the financial crisis†. Real-world Economics Review, 1.46 (2008):73 – 81. Print. Bardhan, Ashok. â€Å"Housing and financial crisis in the U.S: cause or symptom†. Vikalpa, 32.3 (2009): 1- 7. Print. Congressional Budget Office, 2010. Fiscal Stress Faced by Local Governments. Washington: Congressional Budget Office. Print. Ellis, Luci. The housing meltdown Why did it happ en in the United States? Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, 2008. Print. Francis, Andrea. Affordable housing: the continuing search for solutions : proceedings of the National Housing Trust’s 20th anniversary housing symposium. Kingston, Jamaica : Planning Research Dept., National Housing Trust, 1996. Print. Kolb, Robert W.. The financial crisis of our time. New York: Oxford University Press,2011. Print. Krugman, Paul R.. The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008. New York: W.W. Norton, 2009. Print. Lybeck, Johan A.. A global history of the financial crash of 2007-2010. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print. Marshall, John. The financial crisis in the US: key events, causes, and responses. London: House of Commons Library, 2009. Print. Moseley, Fred. The U.S. economic crisis: causes and solutions, April 2009. Web. National Bureau of Economic Research, The effect of economic crisis on American households, 2012. Web. Parker, John. Turmoil in U.S. credit markets recent actions regarding government sponsored entities, investment banks, and other financial institutions : hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010. Print. Schwartz, F. Alex. Housing Policy in the United States. Oxford: Taylor Francis, 2012. Print. Tiller, Bo. The subprime crisis and the effects on the U.S banking industry, 2011. Web. Appendix Source: Tiller, Bo. The subprime crisis and the effects on the U.S banking industry, 2011. This research paper on Mortgage and Housing Act in the U.S was written and submitted by user Carissa E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Business Essays

My Business Essays My Business Essay My Business Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: My Business Nogales, Arizona is a city that borders Nogales, Sonora and Mexico (Jennings, 20). Since the city is based on agri-business that originates from farms in the Mexican agri-belt, the most favorable business to start due to the constant border migration is real estate and tourism. This would be favorable since the citizens crossing the border would require accommodation and would like to get to know the country they have crossed over for their own reasons. The reason for choosing the Real estate is the need of a dwelling for a number of immigrants that get to find greener pastures in the neighboring land that is the neighboring them. The other reason is that there is an opportunity to leverage assets that allows businesses to grow and creates a number of profitable opportunities (Jennings, 20). Due to the profitable opportunities available in the region, tourism becomes a valid business venture. The reason for selecting tourism is to enable the residents or tourists residing in real estate housing know their environment. Moreover, it is to boost tourism essence and beauty of the country. In both real estate and tourism, intense research is required to ensure a vast, broadened knowledge. Reading relevant articles that give an understanding of location that the real estate and tourism should be set up and understanding the markets expectation is a key need in all this venture of business. The kinds of people that live in Nogales are the main factor of consideration that in making the business relevant and quite necessary. The target people here are the immigrants and tourists that visit. However, this will be a success only if the employees that will be in perspective of this business understand four aspects of the home businesses. These aspects are marketing, finance, sales promotion and public relations. This will make the running of the real estate to be monitored on a constant basis as the tourism aspect is tackled on a gradual basis (Jennings, 21). The age group between twenty years and forty-five year are usually the working class. The retirement group is usually between fifty years plus. Therefore, to cater for all the group dynamics involved there are different rates set for both the groups. This will in essence attract both the age groups through the enticing rates set during the vacations and the rates set for the immigrants that will have no dwelling place for their families (Kleiner, 203). The demographics involved for the choice of such a businesses include the currency culture, income relevant, education levels, gender and the language and gender, if need arises. It is stated that the racial make-up of the city of Nogales is diverse. About ninety-three percent of the population is said to be Hispanic or Latino of a divergent racial background. As for the families, there are a number of households involved. Moreover, out of the entire household there is a forty percent chance that children under the age of eighteen live with their parents. There is also a fifty percent chance that married couples are living together and that seventeen percent is a non-family aspect. This aspect indirectly and directly affects the general income aspect that boosts the business venture that is involved. There are also the elderly that are in the range of the age of sixty-five plus years (Kleiner, 203). They are also in a number of households. Their income is usually their pension if the y are retired or probably retrenched. The immaculate fact here is that all these people in these households have a common ground to share a vacation and a place to have a shelter. The consideration of the income will eventually dictate the rates that will be involved in the real estate and the tourism aspect. The income rate per annum should be directly proportional to the per capital income for the city (Pride, 29). In addition, since there is about forty-five percent of the population below the poverty line, a valid and huge consideration requires the staff to cater for all the Nogales citizens. The result of delegation of such duties to staff members will ensure efficiency and fervency in the tourism section. The aspect of real estate with maintenance and provision for room services and any other form of legal services will keep the citizens of Nogales interested and their anticipation boosted. This is because the offers that will be provided will cater for all kinds of people in Nogales. My expected or estimated budget is about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the real-estate venture while for the tourism is estimated for about three hundred thousand dollars. This will enable both the businesses to start and merge as a unit at some point to accomplish its intended goal to cater for the groups of people. The set capital budget suggested is a calculated risk including the all the aspects that had been discussed earlier. These aspects include marketing, finance, sales promotion and public relations (McKeever, 30). To break down all the aspect involved and their budget in perspective is as follows: General capital for both the businesses will take an amount of three hundred thousand dollars. Marketing for both the business ventures will take an amount of fifty thousand dollars. The Finance will be allocated an amount of a hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Sales promotion shall be allocated the same amount as public relations, that is, about seventy-five thousand dollars. The reason for such an allocation of resources is to cater for the number of expenses that are going to be a probable incurrence that will be for the intended use and other miscellaneous expenses. The General capital is usually an estimate that is usually or slightly lower than the intended cost or probably a little higher than the intended money that is usually set aside. This estimate is usually calculated in such a way incase there is a variance in an item that is essential and its price is different according to the follow up on the approved budget plan. This cannot be the only factor that affects the estimated capital. The other factor is depreciation and appreciation of goods and commodities in the society (Pride, 81). This in essence affects the initial plan, as there is fluctuation of the economical goods and services (Jennings, 29). The marketing amount has that set allocation since that would be more than enough to market the relevant aspects. This is because the facts involved are not as immense as involving the labor that is involved which bring us to Finance allocation. The labor involved may be a lot and in-order for the labor to be cost effective the workers have to be well paid to enable efficiency. Sales and Public relations have the same dividends since the aspect that involves motivation and sales requires meeting and convincing clients of the services offered. In conclusion, the business solution aspect and the start of business in Nogales, Arizona is quite possible so long as there is a thorough draft of business plan involved (Kleiner, 205). The other aspect is to back up the business plan is the intense research that entails assessment of the environment of interest, the population density, the market share and availability and finally the efficiency of the supply and demand. These aspects and other factors should have the capabilities to make a new market workable in terms of tackling the need of the people of Nogales in Arizona (McKeever, 35). Works cited: Jennings, M. M. Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. 2010. Print Kleiner, E. The successful business Plan: secrets and strategies. Palo Alto, CA: The Planning Shop. 2003. Print. McKeever, M. How to Write a Business Plan. Berkeley, CA: Nolo. 2010. Print Pride, W. M., Hughes, R. J. Jack R. Kapoor. Business. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. 2011. Print Zacharakis, A., Spinelli, S. Jeffry Timmons. Business Plans that Work: A guide for small business 2/E. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2011. Print.

Business Law and Ethics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Law and Ethics Assignment - Essay Example 249-253, 2005). However, the modern market environment has altered the true essence and fundamental nature of competition and has given a shape of cruel war and fight amongst rivalries where everybody existing in the global market wants to gain the competitive edge over others. In addition, their prime motive had turned out to generate profit with acceleration at any cost and has become the leading cause of organisational effectiveness. This shifting in the global economies and recession on a worldwide basis has become one of the dominant reasons of the changing perceptions and mindsets of the business (Maheshwari, pp. 30-31, 2005). As profit maximisation has become their primary source of organisational effectiveness due to utter competition in the recent times, therefore, enterprises are moreover focusing and emphasising on business process reengineering and through innovative ideas and strategies developing their products and services into an exclusive and inimitable one (Kotler & Armstrong, pp. 293- 300, 2008). Furthermore, business owners also view the profit as a valuable and powerful source of judgment, assessment, and analysis of the organisation’s effectiveness. While living in a society or a community, people comes under coercion to follow some norms and rules, which becomes their part of their inheritance, in the same manner, ethical principles or business ethics are also congenital in the world of commerce. In addition, these norms and values come under the definition with right and wrong and the people in the business community have to peruse a couple of elementary and vital ethics of impartiality,...4-11, 2007). The performance, actions and the conduct of the people in the business community comes under dominance and supremacy by the morality and the values of the business ethics. One of the facets of the professional ethics, business ethics, or corporate ethics highlights the significance of moral values, conducts, conventionalities, issue s, and difficulties that may emerge and derive in a trading situation or climate (Jones & Parker & Bos, pp. 12-18, 2005)...

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 2 - Essay Example Because of the ripple effect, the loss of jobs resulting in unemployed workers, reduces the overall dollar amount of discretionary income and this itself has other economic ramifications. United States workers often take action and lobby their congressmen to limit the amount of foreign imports and overseas production. If successful, the result may be tariffs or quotas or both. Tariffs are taxes on each item imported. Quotas set a limit on the number of items permitted to enter the country. Both cause the prices to rise because the foreign manufacturer raise the selling price in US markets. This in turn often causes Americans to purchase American products because of the lower price. This increases the demand for US products and the need for increased production. Free trade therefore exists within US borders to increase domestic levels of production and benefit the employees of those companies and the US economy overall. An added benefit passed on to the consumer is reasonable pricing for the items. In popularly held beliefs the American producers of wine (i.e. California vineries) would benefit from a large tariff on French and German wine because the tariff imposed on French and German exporters would be passed on to the consumers in the American market thus prohibiting them from buying them at such high prices. They would in turn buy more domestic wines compared to imports. Theoretically though, both would benefit because there are many wealthy American citizens willing to pay higher prices for imports because of the real or imagined perception that they are superior. It would require examination of the American markets to see if sales actually rise when such tariffs are imposed and a comparable examination of French and German companies to see if sales remain the same even though they are higher priced or if the added cost passed onto the consumer maintains the same level of profits. Protectionist trade barriers might not save American jobs or

Time and Order-processing Costs Essay Example for Free

Time and Order-processing Costs Essay After making some wise short-term investments at a race track, Chris Low had some additional cash to invest in a business. The most promising opportunity at the time was in building supplies, so Low bought a business that specialized in sales of one size of nail. The annual volume of nails was 2,000 kegs, and they were sold to retail customers in an even flow. Low was uncertain of how many nails to order at any time. Initially, only two costs concerned him: order-processing costs, which were $60 per order without regard to size, and warehousing costs, which were $1 per year per keg space. On average, the rented warehouse space is only half full. This meant that Low had to rent a constant amount of warehouse space for the year, and it had to be large enough to accommodate an entire order when it arrived. Low was not worried about maintaining safety stocks, mainly because the outward flow of goods was so even. Low bought his nails on a delivered basis. Question 1: Using the EOQ methods outlined in Chapter 9, determine how many kegs of nails Low should order at one time.  Question 2: Assume that all conditions in Question 1 hold, except that Low’s supplier now offers a quantity discount in the form of absorbing all or part of Low’s order-processing costs. For orders of 750 or more kegs of nails, the supplier will absorb all order-processing costs; for orders between 249 and 749 kegs, the supplier will absorb half. What is Low’s new EOQ? (It might be useful to lay out all costs in tabular form for this and later questions.) Question 3: Temporarily ignore your work on Question 2. Assume that Low’s warehouse offers to rent Low space on the basis of the average number of kegs that Low will have in stock, rather than on the maximum number of kegs that Low would need room for whenever a new shipment arrived. The storage charge per keg remains the same. Does this change the answer to Question 1? If so, what is the new answer? Question 4: Take into account the answer to Question 1 and the supplier’s new policy outlined in Question 2, and the warehouse’s new policy in Question 3. Then determine Low’s new EOQ. Question 5: Temporarily ignore your work on Questions 2, 3, and 4. Low’s luck at the race track is over; he now must borrow money to finance his inventory of nails. Looking at the situation outlined in Question 1, assume that the wholesale cost of nails is $40 per keg and that Low must pay interest at the rate of 1.5% per month on unsold inventory. What is his new EOQ? Question 6: Taking into account all of the factors listed in Questions 1, 2, 3, and 5, calculate Low’s EOQ for kegs of nails.

Out of Maos Shadow Essay -- Chinese Communist Party, Politics

For several decades, since the death of Mao Zedong, dissidence among the public has increased against the single-party system of Mao’s Chinese Communist Party, or CCP. The CCP, which Mao co-founded, has ruled China since 1949 with little or no opposition party. The ruling party has long crushed dissent since its founding. Three authors have looked into the dissidence. The first is Merle Goldman in her analytical essay of the intellectual class in China entitled â€Å"China’s Beleaguered Intellectuals† (2009). In this essay, Goldman focuses on the intellectuals’ struggle for political and intellectual freedom from the CCP. Goldman’s view for the future of China is one containing more political freedoms. On the other hand, Andrew G. Walder’s critical essay â€Å"Unruly Stability: Why China’s Regime Has Staying Power,† (2009) refutes Goldman’s claim that China’s intellectuals have the ability to change domestic poli cy. He argues that, while political dissent has become more commonplace, the CCP and authoritarian control is here to stay. The third author, Philip P. Pan and his novel Out of Mao’s Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China (2008) has a more neutral tone and shows both the side of the intellectuals and the CCP. This paper will use Pan’s book in order to determine which view, either Goldman’s or Walder’s, is correct. The first section of Pan’s book called â€Å"Remembering,† discusses two of the major role-players, Zhao Ziyang and Lin Zhao, during the different campaigns and revolutions throughout China’s history, and the way the public recalls their deaths. Both Zhao Ziyang and Lin Zhao’s lives and deaths received differing treatment by the government censors and the public. Zhao Ziyang was an important senior member in the C... ...ially thousands of people that would otherwise die unnecessarily. Both Goldman and Walder make excellent points both backed by Pan’s book. The argument that Walder makes is very convincing: that government and all of its censorship is here to stay. The reaction to the reformers are usual overblown and extreme. They are also highly immoral and go against human rights. However, Goldman’s argument is much stronger. Since the rise of a semi-capitalistic society under the market reforms of the 1980’s and the Tiananmen Square protests the voices of political dissent and change have been on the rise, and from the examples provided, especially after the year 2000. The party has effectively been losing power thanks in large part to the internet and the rise of the lawyers like Pu. Therefore, the political status quo in China is changing, no matter what the party says.